http://www.sciepub.com/journal/JSA Journal of Sociology and Anthropology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that provides rapid publication of articles in all areas of sociology and anthropology. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of sociology and anthropology. Science and Education Publishing en 2013 Science and Education Publishing Co. Ltd All rights reserved. Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 7 1 January 2023 2013 Science and Education Publishing Co. Ltd All rights reserved. http://pubs.sciepub.com/jsa/7/1/1 American Journal of Physical Anthropology and instrumental in the founding of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) in 1930, cast a long shadow over the discipline during the 20th century due to his deeply rooted racism and use of the term “physical anthropology,” a practice focused on measuring the physical form. More troubling was Hrdlička’s study of the still-decomposing Native American remains from a late 19th-century massacre. He would later become the driving force behind the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History’s (NMNH) collection of skeletons of more than 30,000 Indigenous and enslaved people. Hrdlička’s inspiration could be traced indirectly to Samuel George Morton, a known racist and notorious human skull collector in early 19th-century Philadelphia. This study explores the discipline’s historically racist framework, in which human remains were studied to emphasize the biological and intellectual differences between the races. Primary and secondary sources in the form of 19th-century letters; books; museum record logs, including notes written directly on skulls; early 20th-century books; and journal publications were used. Several weeks of research in libraries and museums were employed to assess the materials and write this manuscript. Sociocultural factors impact science, and, as this study observes, the summer of 2020 brought a collision between the long-term fight for justice against U.S. federal agencies’ curation of these remains and the racial unrest erupting after the murder of George Floyd, a Black man in police custody. At that time, physical anthropology was caught in the middle, forcing the discipline out of complacency to make substantive policy changes away from the prevalent scientific racism of the past and the influence of Hrdlička in particular.]]> Conrad B. Quintyn 2023-05-23 Science and Education Publishing 2023-05-23 1 7 1 10 10.12691/jsa-7-1-1 http://pubs.sciepub.com/jsa/7/1/2 Zakaria Shanunu, Eliasu Alhassan 2023 -07-30 Science and Education Publishing 2023 -07-30 1 7 11 17 10.12691/jsa-7-1-2